Boston University student, Graham Biller, came on as our summer intern shortly after Memorial Day and he hit the reporting ground running. In addition to having him find two or three topics that would help him uncover the world of corrections, we also asked Graham to stay on top of the daily news stories and write several pieces for our career and student ezine sections.

No doubt, we kept him busy, but he always kept up with things, and he even came across two ideas the peaked his interest. The topics he wrote about were not only relevant and timely, but they also were, and remain, issues that corrections struggles with. Graham did an outstanding job making the below articles interesting and an all-around great read.

Jim Montalto, Editor

Unique partnership provides hope for CA overcrowding
Published: 08/07/2006

“The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering the prisons.” -Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The House of the Dead

In 1965, five years before the onset of the largest prison boom in modern history, civil unrest in burgeoning urban areas prompted President Lyndon Johnson to declare a “war on crime.” He created the Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice whose role was to investigate the cause of crime in the United States and issue recommendations for reform. Their official 1967 report, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, is a thorough dissection of a justice system facing wide-ranging threats, and is the impetus behind the corrections system as it exists today.

In California, that system is rapidly approaching a complete state of disarray. In 1977, ten years after the Crime Commission's report, there were fewer than 20,000 inmates in California. Today the system is running at more than double capacity. There are currently more than 171,000 inmates in prisons throughout California, 16,000 of which are housed in prison gyms, day rooms, and fenced-in tents throughout the state. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation is almost out of options.

Governor Schwarzenegger has called for an emergency legislative session to address the matter August 7. Critics have called the system an “embarrassment.” In a recent interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, Susan Kennedy, the governor's chief of staff, described it as a “powder keg.”

The Schwarzenegger administration is expected to request at least $4 billion to avert what they have called a “public safety emergency.” The governor's plan relies on the construction of 25 new “reentry program facilities,” focused on rehabilitating inmates nearing release. Obviously, most communities don't want criminal institutions built in their backyards, but when examined in light of an innovative new program at the Folsom Maximum-Security State Prison, Schwarzenegger's plan has the makings of a lasting solution for both the neighborhood and the entire state of California.

Terry Shupe has been at Folsom State Prison for about a year, but he's not an inmate or a corrections officer. He is a union-certified carpentry teacher. In an unprecedented agreement between the Carpenter's Local 46 and the California Prison Industry Authority (PIA), Shupe educates and trains a small handful of the prison's 4,500 offenders in a six-month pre-apprenticeship program. The prison gets new buildings, the Local 46 gets trained laborers, and graduating inmates are guaranteed a high-paying union job upon release.

The pre-apprenticeship program, dubbed “Career Technical Training – Carpentry,” consists of a 90-minute class and five to six hours of hands-on training per workday. Sixteen inmates learn everything a union carpenter should: concrete pouring, framing, drywall, taping and texturing, painting, roofing, and finished carpentry skills. But Shupe is fully aware of the world in which his pupils live.

“We're pretty tight on them. This is a job, just like on the outside. If you sit in the corner and let someone else do your work, you're gone.”

The beauty of Folsom's pre-apprenticeship program is that everyone benefits from the arrangement, especially those inmates that may never have had an opportunity to make a living wage. That arrangement, however, was not easy to come by.

“The Local 46 had a lot of questions and concerns, but they were really happy that [the inmates] would be working, knowing what it would be like,” Shupe elaborates.

Negotiations between the PIA and several local and interstate unions have been going on for more than a year, but with the program's recent successes, more unions are considering the CDCR as a viable means of recruiting skilled, enthusiastic laborers.

“One of our guys has already been released and has already gotten himself a job,” he says proudly.

Prison officials nationwide agree that the establishment of a model program couldn't have come at a better time. In early July, Louisiana prison officials urged Governor Schwarzenegger to look elsewhere when he tried to arrange accommodations for several hundred inmates. Official statistics show that by remaining in California, almost 70 percent of those felons will end up back behind bars.

“Most prisoners get $200 and the state says, ‘Have a good life,' but if they have a job they can get a car and a house and support their family,” notes Shupe.

Sixty inmates may be a far cry from the 4,500 housed at Folsom State, but it's a start. Creating new incentives for prisoners to stay crime-free after release is one of many necessary elements if Governor Schwarzenegger's community-rooted plan is to succeed, and the prospects appear very promising.

Imagine if other unions, from elevator repairmen to ironworkers, began offering inmates a real opportunity to better themselves in small communities throughout the Golden State. Prisoners would actually be repaying their debt to society in a visible and meaningful way, rather than spending countless hours sitting idle in a cement cell.

The corrections officers that “walk the toughest beat in the state” might find their job a little easier as other organizations help to relieve the system of its least dangerous offenders.

Almost 40 years after the Crime Commission's report, prison overcrowding in California, and throughout much of the U.S. for that matter, has ballooned into a problem that the government is scarcely equipped to address alone. Schwarzenegger's chief of staff admitted that even if the prison construction plan succeeds, “We'll always be over design capacity.”

Though Folsom State's “Career Technical Training” is by no means a solution in itself, the theory around which the program is based - that of mutual benefit between the government and a private organization - provides a striking example of hope for the future. “If we get everything going, we want to jump up to 5 teachers and get about 60 inmates,” explains Shupe. GB 

The future of risk management
Published: 07/05/2006

At the heart of almost every corrections facility around the globe is an offender management system (OMS).  Designed to handle everything from an inmate's personal effects at intake to subsequent movements, the OMS is the conduit through which corrections information travels.

Not all systems are created equal, however, especially when it comes to the critical evaluation of an offender's risks and needs.  Most often, a prisoner's final risk assessment is a simple score derived from various risk factors including capacity for violence and education.  With traditional evaluation systems like this, the actual source of the score is absent, often leaving corrections personnel wondering why an offender was given a particular rating.

This is why Syscon Justice Systems, the world's leader in offender management systems, chose to incorporate into their OMS the Risk Management System (RMS), developed by Wisconsin-based Modeling Solutions.  The RMS uses example-based modeling, drawing from similar behavior patterns of 1,000 ex-cons, to quickly create a risk model that highlights critical factors underlying an offender's score.

Kevin Lorette, Director of Business Development at Modeling Solutions, notes, “With the 5th generation RMS our validation studies have shown over 85% accuracy in correctly classifying high and low risk offenders.”

Indeed, the RMS is instrumental during the entire course of an offender's time within the penal system, but its implications are particularly valuable for assessing what treatments will best curb recidivism.

“We can look at the RMS and quickly determine the most efficient way to assign treatment resources,” said Lorette.  “We can even simulate what-if scenarios,” he added.

After scoring an offender in the RMS' simple web-based interface, an agent (corrections officer, parole officer, psychologist etc.) is given raw data and graphics that plainly illustrate eleven areas that may pose notable risk.  If, for example, an inmate demonstrates a high need for emotional support in comparison to the needs of the sample, he or she would be recommended for therapy.

While the problem of inmates getting the same risk score for different reasons has been solved by Modeling Solutions' RMS, concerns regarding their methodology are notwithstanding.  Perhaps most glaring is the fact that the sample is of only 1,000 offenders, handpicked from a much larger group of over 40,000.  As the U.S. Department of Justice estimates that the total correctional population hovers just below 7 million, a sample of 1,000 inmates appears paltry.

This is, however, the nature of statistics: the assumption that a large enough sample of the population is representative of the whole.  In light of this, Modeling Solutions is currently working to update the sample to include the risk traits of 3,000 offenders.  They also maintain that their RMS tests well across jurisdictions and even in early tests within the juvenile justice system.

Does this indicate that the criminal mind is one in the same, regardless of age or culture?  Or maybe that we are all somehow connected through basic human behavior?  Because of questions like this, Modeling Solutions offers the disclaimer that agents should not look to the 5th generation RMS as a holy grail of sorts, but rather as a valuable asset for complex offender management. 

Syscon Justice Systems, at least, is convinced, and will be offering Modeling Solutions' RMS to its broad range of clients across the corrections spectrum in North America, Europe and Australia. GB